How Does Testing Makeup On Animals Hurt Them

Form of animal testing

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	Nationwide ban on all corrective testing on animals		Partial ban on cosmetic testing on animalsane
	Ban on the sale of cosmetics tested on animals		No ban on any corrective testing on animals
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¹ some methods of testing are excluded from the ban or the laws vary inside the country

Cosmetic testing on animals is a type of animal testing used to exam the safety and hypoallergenic backdrop of cosmetic products for employ past humans.

Since this blazon of brute testing is frequently harmful to the animate being subjects, it is opposed by animal rights activists and others. Cosmetic animal testing is banned in many parts of the world, including Republic of colombia, the European Matrimony, the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, India, State of israel,^{[1] [2]} and Norway.^[3]

Cosmetics that have been produced without whatsoever testing on animals are sometimes known as "cruelty-free cosmetics".^[iv]

Definition [edit]

Using animal testing in the development of cosmetics may involve testing either a finished production or the private ingredients of a finished product on animals, often rabbits, every bit well as mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, Republic of guinea pigs and other animals. Cosmetics can exist defined as products applied to the body in various ways in order to enhance the body'due south appearance or to cleanse the body. This includes all hair products, makeup, and pare products .^[5]

The Us Food and Drug Administration (FDA) continues to endorse animal testing methods.^[6]

Re-using existing test data obtained from previous animal testing is generally not considered to be corrective testing on animals; even so, the acceptability of this to opponents of testing is inversely proportional to how contempo the information is.

Methods [edit]

Methods of testing cosmetics on animals include various tests that are categorized differently based on which areas the cosmetics will exist used for. One new ingredient in any cosmetic product used in these tests could lead to the deaths of at least 1,400 animals.^[seven]

Dermal penetration: Rats are mostly used in this method that analyzes chemical movement, through the penetration of the chemical into the bloodstream. Dermal penetration is a method that creates a better agreement of skin assimilation.^[6]

Pare sensitization: This is a method that tests for allergic reactions for different chemicals. In some tests, a chemical adjuvant is injected to boost the allowed system, which was typically performed on guinea pigs. In some tests no chemical adjuvant is injected with the test chemic, or the chemic is applied on a shaved patch of peel. The reaction is then recorded by the appearance of the skin afterwards.^[6]

Acute toxicity: This test is used to make up one's mind danger of exposure to a chemical by oral fissure, skin, or inhalation. It shows the various dangerous furnishings of a substance that result from a short flow of exposure. Large amounts of rats and mice are injected in these Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) tests that continue until half of the test subjects die. Other tests can use a smaller amount of animals, merely tin can crusade convulsions, loss of motor function, and seizures. The animals are often then all killed later to gather information about the internal effects of the chemicals.^[vi]

Draize examination: This is a method of testing that may crusade irritation or corrosion to the skin or heart on animals, dermal sensitization, airway sensitization, endocrine disruption, and LD₅₀ (which refers to the lethal dose which kills 50% of the treated animals).^[6]

Skin corrosivity or irritation: This method of test assesses the potential of a substance causing irreversible damage to the skin. Information technology is typically performed on rabbits and involves putting chemicals on a shaved patch of peel. This determines the level of damage to the skin that includes itching, inflammation, swelling, etc.^[6]

Alternatives [edit]

There is a variety of alternatives that exist instead of beast testing. Nowadays with new advances in engineering and scientific discipline, there are options that are safe for both animals and humans. Cosmetics manufacturers who do not examination on animals may now employ in vitro screens to test for endpoints which tin can determine potential risk to humans with a very high sensitivity and specificity. Companies such as CeeTox in the USA, recently acquired by Cyprotex, specialize in such testing and organizations like the Eye for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), PETA and many other organizations advocate the utilise of in vitro and other non-animal tests in the development of consumer products. Using rubber ingredients from a list of 5,000 which have already been tested in conjunction with mod methods of cosmetics testing, the need for tests using animals are negated.^[8]

EpiSkin, EpiDerm, and SkinEthic are each composed of bogus human skin as an choice for alternative testing. Artificial skin can imitate the reaction actual human skin will accept to a product and the chemicals information technology contains and can be altered to mimic different peel types and ages. For instance, using UV light on EpiSkin can cause it to resemble older skin and adding melanocytes will turn the skin a darker color. This helped create a spectrum of different peel colors that are then used to compare the results of sunblock on a unlike diverseness of people.^[9] To address potential issues with other parts of the human being body, research companies such as NOTOX have adult a synthetic model of the man liver, which is the main organ to detox the body, in order to test harmful ingredients and chemicals to come across if the liver can detox those elements.^[10] Research companies tin likewise use body parts and organs taken from animals slaughtered for the meat industry to perform tests such as the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test and Isolated Craven Eye Test.^[eleven]

Lab-grown tissues are now being used to examination chemicals in makeup products. MatTek is one of the companies that do this. It sells small amounts of skin cells to companies to test their products on them. Some of these companies are those that make laundry detergent, makeup, toilet bowl cleaner, anti-aging creams, and tanning lotion. Without these tissues, companies would be testing their products on living animals. Lab-grown tissues are a great culling to testing harmful products on animals.^[12] One lab was able to abound 11 different types of tissues in a petri dish. The downfall was that the tissues were non fully functional on their own, in fact, many of these tissues only resembled tiny parts of an bodily sized human being organ, most of which were too pocket-size to transplant into humans. The bright side is that they were a great learning experience for many of the students researching in that location. This engineering science could potentially exist bang-up, merely information technology was a major downfall, 'Ministomachs that took well-nigh nine weeks to cultivate in a petri dish formed "oval-shaped, hollow structures".^[13]

Many companies accept not fabricated the switch to cruelty-free yet for many reasons, one of them being the time it takes for lab-grown tissues to exist useable. Animals on the other manus, can mature quickly. Rats, for example, have a much quicker growth rate "From nascency to adult, rats accept about 3 weeks to mature and begin fending for themselves. The rodents reach sexual maturity in about five weeks and begin mating before long after to produce the next generation to start the rat life cycle over over again".^{[ citation needed ]} On pinnacle of the extremely curt time it takes a rat to mature, they can provide u.s.a. with a complete prepare of organ systems, non just a paper-thin sheet of cells. Rats can as well reproduce, and they exercise so at a very fast pace "In full general, rats produce about vii offspring per litter and can reach upward to 14 at times. Typical gestation periods final only a few weeks, allowing each female rat to produce around five litters a twelvemonth".^{[ citation needed ]}

History [edit]

The first known tests on animals were done as early as 300 BC. "Writings of ancient civilizations all document the utilise of animal testing. These civilizations, led by men like Aristotle and Erasistratus, used live animals to test diverse medical procedures".^[14] This testing was important considering information technology led to new discoveries such as how blood circulated and the fact that living beings needed air to survive. The thought of taking an animate being and comparison it to how human beings survived was a completely new thought. Information technology would non have existed (at least non as speedily as information technology did) without our ancestors studying animals and how their bodies worked.

"Proving the germ theory of illness was the crowning achievement of the French scientist Louis Pasteur. He was not the first to advise that diseases were caused by microscopic organisms, but the view was controversial in the 19th century and opposed the accepted theory of 'spontaneous generation'".^[15] The idea of germs and other microscopic organisms was a completely new idea and would not take come to be without the use of animals. In 1665, scientists Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered and studied how germs worked. They published a book nigh their discovery, which was non accepted past very many people, including the science community, at first. After some time, scientists were able to give animals diseases from microbes and realized that microbes really did be. From there they were able to use animals to understand how the illness worked, and the effects it could potentially accept on the human trunk.

All of this has led up to something a flake more recent, the utilize of animals to exam beauty products. This has become a very controversial topic in contempo years. There are diverse people who are extremely against the use of animals for this purpose, and for a good reason. "Typically, animal tests for cosmetics include skin and middle irritation tests where chemicals are rubbed onto the shaved skin or dripped into the eyes of rabbits; repeated oral force-feeding studies lasting weeks or months to expect for signs of general disease or specific health hazards, such every bit cancer or nascence defects; and even widely condemned "lethal dose" tests, in which animals are forced to swallow massive amounts of a test chemical to make up one's mind the dose that causes death".^[xvi] This kind of testing tin be vital in finding important information about products just can exist harmful to the animals it is tested on.

In 1937, a mistake was made that concluded up changing the pharmaceutical industry drastically. A company created a medicine (elixir sulfanilamide) "to treat streptococcal infections", and without any scientific research the medicine was out on shelves.^[17] This medicine turned out to be extremely poisonous to people, leading to large poisoning outbreaks followed by over 100 deaths.^[17] This epidemic led to a law beingness passed in 1938, chosen the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, enforcing more rigorous guidelines on cosmetic products.^[17] After this law was passed companies looked to animals to test their products, in turn, creating the first encounters of cosmetic animal testing.

Not-profit organizations [edit]

This "Leaping Bunny" indicates that cosmetic products with this logo have not been tested on animals.

• Cruelty Gratuitous International: Cruelty Complimentary International and its partners manage the certification of all the companies beyond the world looking to be cruelty gratuitous. Companies producing dazzler and household products which exercise not exam their products on animals for whatsoever market can request membership of The Leaping Bunny Program, which allows that company to feature Cruelty Gratuitous International's Leaping Bunny logo on their products. This program sets global standard of operations and sales. Companies headquartered internationally can obtain certification from Cruelty Free International.^[18] Companies headquartered in the United States and Canada can obtain certification from The Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC).^[nineteen] In 2013, over 500 companies were certified.^[twenty] All the same, some visitor'south certifications were revoked afterward information technology was discovered they continued to exam on animals in Asia.^[21]
• Humane Social club International: This is a global fauna protection arrangement that works to help all animals—including animals in laboratories.^[22] This organization promotes man beast interaction to tackle the existence of all cruelty that innocent animals experience.

Procedures of creature testing [edit]

In that location is a strategy used in animal testing laboratories titled the 'Three R's:' Reduction, refinement, and replacement' (Doke, "Alternatives to Animal Testing: A Review").

• Replacement: This provides the opportunity to study the response of cellular models, but in other words, replacement searches for alternatives that could be done rather than testing on animal subjects.^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Reduction: This approach is congenital upon the ethics to have a minimal number of animal subjects being tested on for current and subsequently tests.
• Refinement: This suggests that the planned distress and pain caused to an beast subject to be as little as possible. This approach focuses on making a home for the animals before entering testing grounds in order to elongate the life of laboratory animals. Discomfort to animals causes an imbalance in hormonal levels which create fluctuating results during testing.

Legal requirements and status [edit]

This department needs to be updated. Delight help update this commodity to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2015)

Due to the strong public backfire against corrective testing on animals, nearly cosmetic manufacturers say their products are not tested on animals. However, they are still required by trading standards and consumer protection laws in most countries to evidence their products are non toxic and not dangerous to public wellness. They also need to show that the ingredients are non dangerous in large quantities, such equally when in send or in the manufacturing institute. In some countries, it is possible to run into these requirements without whatever further tests on animals. Other countries, may require animate being testing to meet legal requirements. The U.s.a. and Japan are oftentimes criticized for their insistence on stringent condom measures, which often requires animal testing.

Some retailers distinguish themselves in the marketplace by their opinion on creature testing.

Legal requirements in Japan [edit]

Although Japanese police does not require non-medicated cosmetics to be tested on animals, it does not prohibit it either, leaving the decision to individual companies.^[23] Animal testing is required when the production contains newly-adult tar colors, ultraviolet ray protective ingredients or preservatives, and when the corporeality of any ingredient regulated in terms of how much can be added is increased.^[24]

Japanese Brands such equally Shiseido and Mandom accept ended much, but not all, of their animal testing. However, most other leading cosmetics companies in Japan still test on animals.^{[23] [25] [26]}

Jurisdictions with bans [edit]

Brazil, São Paulo [edit]

São Paulo in Brazil banned cosmetic brute testing in 2014.^[27]

Colombia [edit]

In June 2020, the Senate of the Republic of Republic of colombia approved a resolution banning the commercialization and testing of cosmetics on animals.^[28] In August 2020, presidential assent was granted to the resolution thus finer banning the testing of cosmetics on animals in Republic of colombia.^[29]

European Union [edit]

The European Matrimony (Eu) followed adjust, after information technology agreed to phase in a well-nigh-total ban on the auction of fauna-tested cosmetics throughout the European union from 2009, and to ban cosmetics-related brute testing.^[30] Animate being testing is regulated in EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics. Imported cosmetics ingredients tested on animals were phased out for Eu consumer markets in 2013 past the ban,^[thirty] but can nonetheless be sold to outside of the EU.^[31] Kingdom of norway banned cosmetics animal testing the same time as the EU.^[32] In May 2018 the European Parliament voted for the EU and its Member States to work towards a United nations convention against the use of animal testing for cosmetics.^[33]

European Free Trade Clan [edit]

The remainder of the EFTA, including Kingdom of norway, Principality of liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Iceland also banned cosmetic testing.^[34]

Guatemala [edit]

In 2017, Republic of guatemala banned cosmetic animal testing.^[35]

India [edit]

In early 2014, India appear a ban on testing cosmetics on animals in the country, thereby condign the second country in Asia to do then.^[36] Later India banned import of cosmetics tested on animals in November 2014.^[37]

State of israel [edit]

Israel banned "the import and marketing of cosmetics, toiletries or detergents that were tested on animals" in 2013.^[38]

New Zealand [edit]

In 2015, New Zealand also banned animate being testing.^[39] However, the ban on testing cosmetics on animals was unlikely to lead to products being stripped from shelves in New Zealand as around ninety per cent of cosmetic products sold in New Zealand were fabricated overseas.^[40]

Taiwan [edit]

In 2015, Taiwan launched a bill proposing a ban on cosmetic testing on animals.^[41] It passed in 2016 and went into issue in 2019.^{[42] [43]} Shortly before the ban went into result on 9 November 2019, nonetheless, information technology was noted that most Taiwan cosmetic companies already did non experiment with animals.^[42]

Turkey [edit]

Turkey "banned any animal testing for cosmetic products that accept already been introduced to the market."^[44]

United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland [edit]

Animal testing on cosmetics or their ingredients was banned in the Great britain in 1998.^[45]

Jurisdictions where prohibitions are considered [edit]

Association of Southeast Asian Nations [edit]

The Association of southeast asian nations (Association of southeast asian nations) is potentially "making strides toward ending cosmetics testing on animals."^[3]

Australia [edit]

In Commonwealth of australia, the End Brutal Cosmetics Bill was introduced to Parliament in March 2014, which would ban local testing, which by and large does non happen in that location, and importation of cosmetics tested on animals.^[46] In 2016 a bill was passed to ban the sale of cosmetics tested on animals, which came into effect in July 2017.^[47]

Brazil [edit]

Brazil's legislation will vote on a nationwide beast testing for cosmetics ban by the end of March 2014.^[2]

Canada [edit]

The beast experimentation manufacture is largely unregulated and allowed to operate in near secrecy. No one knows exactly how many animals are used because many private-sector experimenters are unregulated and not required to disclose the numbers of animals used, species, or the types of tests they perform. The number of individual facilities conducting animal experiments in Canada is unknown.^[48]

United States [edit]

In March 2014, the Humane Cosmetics Act was introduced to the U.South. Congress. It would ban cosmetic testing on animals and eventually would ban the sale of cosmetics tested on animals.^[3] The bill did non advance.

Testing cosmetics on animals has been banned in six U.s. states: California, Nevada, Illinois, Virginia, Maryland, and Maine.^[49]

United mexican states [edit]

On xix March 2020, the Mexican Senate unanimously passed legislation banning testing cosmetics on animals.^[fifty] The proposed ban now awaits approval from the lower house of the Mexican Congress, the Mexican Bedchamber of Deputies.^[51]

Republic of korea [edit]

South Korea is too potentially "making strides toward ending cosmetics testing on animals."^[iii]

Other statuses [edit]

China [edit]

Mainland china passed a law on 30 June 2014 to eliminate the requirement for animate being testing of cosmetics. Though domestically-produced ordinary cosmetic goods exercise non require testing, animate being testing is still mandated by constabulary for Chinese-made "cosmeceuticals" (cosmetic goods which make a functional claim) which are available for auction in People's republic of china. Cosmetics intended solely for export are exempt from the creature testing requirement.^[52] As of March 2019, mail service-market testing (i.eastward. tests on cosmetics subsequently they hitting the market place) for finished imported and domestically produced cosmetic products will no longer crave creature testing.^[53] Chinese law was further amended in April 2020, fully dropping all remaining mandatory animal testing requirements for all cosmetics - both locally produced and imported, instead creating a regulatory 'preference' for not-creature based testing methods in the rubber certification of corrective products.^{[54] [55]}

Russia [edit]

In 2013, the Russian Ministry of Health stated "Toxicological testing is performed by means of testing for skin allergic reaction or test on mucous tissue/eye area (with use of lab animals) or by apply of alternative general toxicology methods (IN VITRO). In this way the technical regulations include measures which provide an alternative to animal testing".^[56]

See also [edit]

• Animal testing on invertebrates
• Animal testing on non-human primates
• Animate being testing on rodents
• Cosmetics
• Veterinary ethics

Notes [edit]

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2. ^ ^{a b} Fob, Stacy (10 March 2014). "Brute Attraction: Federal Bill to End Cosmetics Testing on Animals Introduced in Congress" (Press release). Humane Gild of the United States. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} "Cruelty Free International Applauds Congressman Jim Moran for Nib to End Cosmetics Testing on Animals in the United States" (Press release). v March 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014.
4. ^ ""Cruelty Free"/"Not Tested on Animals"". US Food and Drugs Administration. September 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
5. ^ "Is It a Cosmetic, a Drug, or Both? (Or Is It Soap?)". FDA. 8 Feb 2018. Retrieved six June 2020.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Testing". American Anti-Vivisection Club . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
7. ^ Murugesan, Meera (half dozen September 2016). "Cruelty-costless cosmetics". New Straits Times . Retrieved half dozen June 2020.
8. ^ Bainbridge, Amy (17 March 2014). "Australia urged to follow EU ban on animal testing; Greens to move bill in Senate this week". ABC . Retrieved six June 2020.
9. ^ Merali, Zeeya (28 July 2007). "New Scientist". Human Pare to Supplant Animal Tests. 195: 14. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61866-ane.
10. ^ Mone, Gregory (April 2014). "New Models in Cosmetics Replacing Animal Testing". Communications of the ACM. 57 (four): 20–21. doi:10.1145/2581925. S2CID 2037444.
11. ^ "Alternatives to animate being tests". The Humane Guild of the Usa . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
12. ^ Zhang, Sarah (30 December 2016). "Inside the Lab that Grows Human Skin to Test Your Cosmetics". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
13. ^ Weisberger, Mindy (iii July 2017). "11 Torso Parts Grown in the Lab". Live Scientific discipline . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
14. ^ "History of Animal Testing Timeline". www.softschools.com . Retrieved 24 April 2022.
15. ^ "The discovery of the germ theory of illness". AnimalResearch.info. iii November 2014. Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
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17. ^ ^{a b c} Scutti, Susan (27 June 2013). "Beast Testing: A Long, Unpretty History". Medical Daily . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
18. ^ "Brands FAQs". Cruelty Gratuitous International . Retrieved half dozen June 2020.
19. ^ "Leaping Bunny Programme". Cruelty Free International . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
20. ^ Redding, Marie (13 March 2013). "Beauty Brands Have Sides". Beauty Packaging . Retrieved six June 2020.
21. ^ Artuso, Eloisa (24 February 2013). "Western Dazzler Brands: Cruelty in China". Eluxe Magazine . Retrieved vi June 2020.
22. ^ "About U.s.a. : Humane Society International". www.hsi.org . Retrieved two April 2018.
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24. ^ "Evolution of Cosmetics -- Toward Abolishment of Animal Testing (February 2015)". JFS: Japan for Sustainability . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
25. ^ "Initiatives in Response to Animal Testing and Alternative Methods". Shiseido Group . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
26. ^ "Approach to alternative to animal experiments". Mandom . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
27. ^ "São Paulo Bans Animal Testing". PetMD. AFP News. 24 Jan 2014.
28. ^ "Colombia ya no tendrá pruebas de cosméticos en animales". La FM. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 12 Baronial 2020.
29. ^ "Colombia, primer país de la región que prohíbe las pruebas cosméticas en animales". El Espectador. 12 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
30. ^ ^{a b} "European union extends ban on animate being-tested cosmetics". EuroNews. 11 March 2013.
31. ^ Fynes-Clinton (20 March 2014), Opinion: Greens Senator Lee Rhiannon's End Cruel Cosmetics Bill 2014 answers the public'southward growing opposition to animals testing, Courier-Mail service
32. ^ Aryan (12 March 2013). "Kingdom of norway ban animal testing of cosmetics". The Oslo Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014.
33. ^ Jacqueline Foster (three May 2018). "Foster: "Cosmetic testing on animals must be banned worldwide"". Conservatives in the European Parliament.
34. ^ Grum, Tjaša (5 March 2019). "Global ban on animal testing: where are we in 2019?". Cosmetics Design Europe . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
35. ^ "Guatemalan Congress approves animal testing ban | Cruelty Free International". Cruelty Free International. 9 March 2017. Retrieved iii Nov 2019.
36. ^ Mukherjee, Rupali (23 January 2014). "Govt bans cosmetic companies from testing on animals". The Times of Bharat.
37. ^ Mohan, Vishwa (xiv Oct 2014). "India bans import of cosmetics tested on animals". The Times of India . Retrieved 1 Dec 2015.
38. ^ "Import ban on animal-tested products goes into effect". The Times of Israel. 1 January 2013.
39. ^ "MPs unanimously support animal testing ban". Radio New Zealand. 31 March 2015.
40. ^ "Makeup tests on animals banned". NZ Herald . Retrieved 17 December 2020.
41. ^ Grabenhofer, Rachel. "Taiwan Proposes Creature Testing Ban for Cosmetics". Cosmetics & Toiletries . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
42. ^ ^{a b} "'Express impact' expected from Taiwan cosmetics animal examination ban". Chemical Watch . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
43. ^ "Taiwan bans cosmetics animal testing". Humane Social club International. 21 Oct 2016. Retrieved half dozen June 2020.
44. ^ "Beast testing for cosmetics banned in Turkey". DailySabah. 27 July 2015.
45. ^ "Animate being Inquiry Regulations in the UK". Retrieved 10 September 2015.
46. ^ Bainbridge, Amy (17 March 2014). "Australia urged to follow EU ban on beast testing; Greens to move bill in Senate this week". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News.
47. ^ "Section of Wellness: Ban on the use of beast test data for cosmetics". Australian Government, Department of health . Retrieved xx November 2019.
48. ^ "Animals Used for Experimentation". Animal Justice Canada . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
49. ^ "Maine becomes 6th state to ban the auction of cosmetics tested on animals". Humane Social club of the The states. Retrieved xviii December 2021.
50. ^ "Mexican Senate passes bill to outlaw cosmetic animal testing". Humane Society International. twenty March 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
51. ^ "Bill to outlaw cosmetic animal testing in Mexico passes commencement legislative phase". Cruelty Gratuitous International . Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
52. ^ "Guide to: Understanding Communist china'south Animal Testing Laws". upstanding elephant. 11 April 2018. Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
53. ^ Figueiras, Sonalie (2 Apr 2019). "China announces end to post-market animal testing for cosmetic products". South China Morning Mail . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
54. ^ Morosini, Daniela (10 April 2019). "China Volition No Longer Require Animal Testing On Cosmetic Products". British Vogue . Retrieved eight Apr 2020.
55. ^ "Mainland china's NMPA Approves New In Vitro Methods For Regulating Cosmetics". Institute for In Vitro Sciences . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
56. ^ "Cruelty Free International wins Russian delivery on non-animal testing". Cruelty Complimentary International. 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on eighteen May 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals

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